Dr. Clawson is a senior research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of the National Defense University Washington D.C. His most recent books include: Energy Security in the Twenty-First Century (1995, editor); Iran's Strategic Intentions and Capabilities (1994, editor); How Has Saddam Hussein Survived? Economic Sanctions 1990-1993(1993); Iran's Challenges to the West: How, When, and Why(1993). Dr. Clawson has also held positions at the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Foreign Policy Research Institute. He is currently senior editor of Middle East Quarterly